Wireless Charging System

Mobile phones becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk time and battery stand by according to their manufacturer and batteries. All these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries have to be put to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of this current proposal is to make the recharging of the mobile phones independent of their manufacturer and battery make.Now we will explain it by using induction principle.This is based on Inductive charging uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which then can use that energy to charge batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils employed in each of the sender and receiver of the energy within the respective devices, inductive charging is considered a short distance wireless energy transfer, despite the fact that there are typically more wires used with inductive charging than direct contact charging, because it frees the user from having to deal with wires between the two devices. Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery.Use of embedded technology makes this system efficient and reliable. Micro controller (AT89S52) allows dynamic and faster control. Liquid crystal display (LCD) makes the system user-friendly. AT89S52 micro controller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the functions.

The project is used in multiple ways such as in securing the mobile from loss or theft as well as it gets charged wirelessly. If any one wants to steal it automatically a 60 Db siren will get a switched ON. The system is provided with a control switch it has to be made ON such as if the user wants to charge mobile it will be placed on this inductive plates .Once the charging is completed if it is removed without making the switch OFF automatically siren will be alerted.An alternative charger circuit is also provided to charge the mobile by house hold general purpose 230V in the absence of the induction. This charge circuit uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/18v step down transformer.

Read »

Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth technology, developed by Ericsson Mobile Communications, a worldwide telecommunications company based in Sweden, is fast becoming the worldwide standard for short-range wireless communication. The technology was originally developed to easily connect cell phones with peripheral devices such as personal computers. However, other potential applications for home and office quickly emerged.Bluetooth is growing so rapidly that Merrill Lynch predicts that by 2005 there will be more than 2.1 billion Bluetooth compatible devices on the market. 

Bluetooth uses Radio Frequencies to transmit and receive signals in the ISM Band. This is an unlicensed frequency range operating between 2.4 and 2.48 GHz.In order to prevent interference with other devices, Bluetooth employs a spread spectrum frequency hopping technique which takes a narrow band signal and spreads it over a broader portion of the available radio frequency band. This spreading is accomplished by frequency-hopping, a technique developed for encryption that relies on the sender and receiver agreeing on a predefined “hop” sequence for frequency variation. Since only the intended receiver is aware of the transmitter’s hopping pattern, only that receiver can make sense of the data being transmitted. Spread spectrum frequency hopping ensures Bluetooth’s security and limits interference.

The Bluetooth 1.0 specification allows for a gross data transfer rate of 1 Mbps. However, this is a theoretical maximum for half-duplex data transmission. Full duplex transmission is accomplished at 432.6 Kbps. The Bluetooth specification can support three synchronous voice channels at 64 Kbps each. Bluetooth devices typically require 1 mw of power to operate. When two Bluetooth devices establish a connection, they create a network called a piconet. A Bluetooth piconet can contain up to eight Bluetooth devices, with one device serving as a master and up to seven serving as slaves . All devices in a piconet share the same frequency-hopping scheme, which is established when a slave first connects to a master. Bluetooth devices can operate in either a single slave piconet, in which a master connects to only one slave, multi slave piconet, where a master connects to multiple slaves, or in a scatter-net structure. A scatter-net is enabled by masters and slaves with capability to connect to more than one device at a time

Read »

Google's Driverless Car

A car with a top speed of 25 meters per hour, two seats and no steering wheel might not make much of an impression at a motor show. But Google, in the US, sent a shock through the car and taxi industries as it unveiled the latest version of its driver-less car.The electrically powered vehicle, which Google has started testing around its headquarters in Mountain View, California, dispenses with all the normal controls, including foot pedals. Instead, it has a smart phone app that calls it and tells it the destination, and a single STOP button between the two front-facing seats in case the passengers need to override the computer.

The car, in fact, does all the tasks of navigation, steering, acceleration and braking.The company is building about 100 prototypes for a two-year test. The company’s co-founder, Sergey Brin, told a conference in California that the vehicle was still in the prototype stage but that the project was about changing the world for people who do not have good transportation today

Google says that the aim of the project is to improve safety and that, because the car is constructed with impact absorbing foam at the front and a plastic windscreen,it should be far safer than any other car for pedestrians.The cars, which have been built specially by an unnamed company in Detroit, will be used to find out how best to make driver-less vehicles work. Google will run a pilot program using the cars, which are not yet for sale.One challenge is creating high-definition scans of the roads and surroundings before the cars can drive along them because they cannot collect and process enough information in real time.So far, there are high-detail maps of about 2,000 miles of California’s roads, but the state has more than 170,000 miles of public roads.Google says it is interested in licensing the technology to traditional vehicle manufacturers once it has been refined.

Other car makers, including Volvo, Ford and Mercedes, are working on driver-assisted vehicles, which, unlike Google’s version, do not dispense with the driver controls.

So far, the Google versions of the self-driving cars have driven 700,000 miles without an accident caused by the computer. The company says that thousands of people die each year on the roads and that about 80% of crashes are caused by human error.

Read »

What Is GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system of satellites maintained by the US department of defence for navigation and security purposes. These satellites, which are located the earth is approximately 11,000 miles, follow known orbital paths and broadcast radio signals communicating their location at a given point in time. GPS receivers are able to determine location by tracking and comparing signals from multiple satellites.The receiver is able to determine how long each signal took to travel from the satellite to the receiver and translate this time interval to a distance measurement. By comparing the distances to multiple satellites the receiver is able to approximate location using the mathematical analysis.

This system requires extremely precise timing and communication between the satellites and the receivers. It also requires that the satellites be visible. Tree canopy, nearby cliff walls, buildings, etc. all can limit the ability of a receiver to accurately determine position. In addition, the configuration of the satellites themselves is sometimes better or worse for a given location. For example, if all of the satellites are directly overhead, it is very difficult to get accurate triangulation measurements. Conversely, if the satellites are extremely low on the horizon then their signal passes through so much of the earth’s atmosphere that the signal delay is unpredictable. What is desired is a large number of satellites, widely scattered and not too low (higher than 15°) across the visible horizon.

          Current receivers are able to determine horizontal location to within 5-20 meters, and vertical accuracy to within 50 meters. This accuracy can be improved by a method known as differential correction by readings from a field receiver are compared to those of a base station GPS receiver at a known location. Survey grade receivers, using high precision differential correction are able to produce sub meter accuracy in the field.

Most receivers can record points, lines or areas. For points, a longer duration of GPS recording will gives a more accurate location due to the power of averaging. For lines or areas, recording positions more frequently may produce a more accurate overall result.

Read »

Solar Inverter

Solar energy is free and clean. There is enough for everyone, and we will never run out of it. Solar energy is renewable. The sun will keep making energy for millions of years .Why don’t we use the sun for all our energy needs? We don’t know how to yet. The hard part is capturing the sunlight. It shines all over the earth and only a little bit reaches any one place. On a cloudy day, most of the light never reaches the ground at all.Lots of people put solar collectors on their roofs. Solar collectors capture the sunlight and turn it into heat. People can heat their houses and their water using the sun’s energy.Solar cells can turn light energy into electricity. Some toys and calculators use solar cells instead of batteries. Solar panels are made of many solar cells. Some people put solar panels on their home. These solar panels can make enough electricity for a house. Solar panels are good for houses and buildings without access to power lines.We can power our house by using solar panels by placing them on the roof and then connected to the battery and the battery is connected to the inverter. a solar inverter is a piece of the solar energy puzzle. Its purpose is to change the direct current electricity that is generated from a photo voltaic panel into an alternating current that can be used by in-home appliances and the community electricity grid. Because all photo voltaic panels produce electricity in DC, an inverter is required for all solar power systems to make the electricity usable.This project uses regulated 5 V; 500 ma power supply. A 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12 V step down transformer.

Read »

Tidal Energy

Tidal means structure changing in a planet, caused by the gravitational interaction with another planet.The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun cause the changing of the sea-level  twice a day on the Earth.The period from the smallest water-level, to the highest sea-level called upstream tides, while the period between the highest and the smallest sea-level is called downstream tides.The sea-level changing between the rising and the falling of  tides is called tidal range. These work rather like a hydro electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.

A huge dam is built across a river shore. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe, which then turns a turbine.Large lock gates, like the ones used on canals, allow ships to pass.If one was built across the Severn Estuary, the tides at Weston-super-Mare would not go out nearly as far,there would be water to play in for most of the time.But the Severn Estuary carries sewage and other wastes from many places out to sea. A tidal barrage would mean that this stuff would hang around Weston-super-Mare an awful lot longer! Also, if you're a wading bird that feeds on the exposed mud flats when the tide goes out, then you have a problem, because the tide won't be going out properly any more.Finally the electricity gets produced by the rotation of turbine.

Read »

Nano Technology

Nano technology is a latest trend in technologies.It has been demonstrated that nano scale materials exhibit properties which are vastly different from their bulk counterparts. Nanotechnology is the study of understanding and controlling matter on molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with dimensions of 100 nano meters or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nano scale to assembling matter on an atomic scale with the ultimate objective of fabricating devices with such assemblers.

Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same work as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nano materials and their potential effects on global economics as well as speculation about various technologies.

Read »

History of Android

Android is the mobile operating system made by American company called Google. It most commonly used for a variety of smartphones and tablets from a host of manufacturers offering users access to Google’s own services like Search, YouTube, Maps, Gmail and more.This means you can easily search for information on the web, watch videos, search for directions and write emails on your phone, just like on your computer.

Android phones are highly advanced as such can be altered to suit your nature and needs with wallpapers, themes and launchers which completely change the look of your device's interface. You can download applications to do all kinds of things like to check Facebook and Twitter, manage your bank account, online shopping and play games. You can plan events on from your phone's calendar and see them on your computer or browse websites on your desktop and pick them up on your phone.Another neat feature of Android is that it automatically backs up your contacts . When you use an android phone then you need to create a Google Account or sign in with an existing one. Every time you save a number to the address book of your Android phone it will be synced to your Google Account.The benefit of this mail is to collect the all data like contacts. The next time you get an Android phone and sign in with your Google Account, all of your contacts and friend's numbers will be displayed in your new phone’s address book immediately, no need to transfer from anywhere else.

Read »

WI-FI Working

Wi-Fi, also, WiFi, WI-fi or wifi, is a brand originally licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe the underlying technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications.Wi-Fi was developed to be used for mobile computing devices, such as laptops, in LANs, but is now increasingly used for more applications, including Internet and VoIP phone access, gaming, and basic connectivity of consumer electronics such as televisions and DVD players, or digital cameras.A person with a Wi-Fi device, such as a computer, telephone, or personal digital assistant (PDA) can connect to the Internet when in proximity of an access point. The region covered by one or several access points is called a hotspot. Hotspots can range from a single room to many square miles of overlapping. Hotspots. Wi-Fi can also be used to create a Wireless mesh network.

Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.

How it works:A typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or more Access Points (APs) and one or more clients. An AP broadcasts its SSID (Service Set Identifier, "Network name") via packets that are called beacons, which are broadcast every 100 ms. The beacons are transmitted at 1 Mbit/s, and are of relatively short duration and therefore do not have a significant influence on performance. Since 1 Mbit/s is the lowest rate of Wi-Fi it assures that the client who receives the beacon can communicate at least 1 Mbit/s. based on the settings (e.g. the SSID), the client may decide whether to connect to an AP. Also the firmware running on the client Wi-Fi card is of influence. Say two APs of the same SSID are in range of the client, the 

Read »

Super Computer

A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. (The term Super Computing was first used by New York World newspaper in 1920 to refer to the large custom built tabulators IBM had made for Columbia University.)

Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research (including research into global warming), molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion), cryptanalysis, and the like. Military and scientific agencies are heavy users.

Read »

Virtual Servers

Virtual server is a highly salable and highly available server built on a cluster of real servers. The architecture of server cluster is fully transparent to end users, and the users interact with the cluster system as if it were only a single high-performance virtual server. Please consider the following figure.

The real servers and the load balances may be interconnected by either high-speed LAN or by geographically dispersed WAN. The load balancres can dispatch requests to the different servers and make parallel services of the cluster to appear as a virtual service on a single IP address, and request dispatching can use IP load balancing technologies or application-level load balancing technologies. Scalability of the system is achieved by transparently adding or removing nodes in the cluster. High availability is provided by detecting node or daemon failures and re configuring the

system appropriately.

Read »

Ethical Hacking

Ethical is the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation." More simply, it is the study of what is right to do in a given situation what we ought to do. Alternatively, it is sometimes described as the study of what is good and how to achieve that good. To suggest whether an act is right or wrong we need to agree on an ethical system that is easy to understand and apply as we consider the ethics of computer break-ins.

And Ethical hacking deals with the computer security.This defines the protection of computers the unwanted attacks.

Read »

World Wide Telescope

World-wide Telescope (WWT) is a Universe Information System that offers a truly unprecedented view of the world’s store of online astronomical data. WWT has woven astronomical images at all wavelengths into an “interface” that resembles their natural appearance and high quality images will attracts every one and simultaneously offering much deeper opportunities to learn about the science behind the images. The WWT program, which is free for all non-commercial use, has now had more than 2 million downloads and has been used many more millions of times in its web client form.And this project will be sponsored by Microsoft technology only.

Read »

Solar Car

Solar Car is a vehicles used for road transportation by utilizing solar energy.This type of cars contains solar panels at the top.And the solar power will convert into mechanical energy for then motors of the car.There are several types of solar panels available like vertical and horizontal,adjustable. we can arrange this solar panels according to the shape of the vehicle.

This solar cars doesn't release any harmful gasses into atmosphere.and this solar vehicles are very high in cost because of valuable solar panels.

Some of the most important things to consider when designing and building a solar car are. 1. Reduce all friction as much as you can, especially around the axles, wheels, and gears. 2. Make your car as light as it can be and still carry the solar panel, motor and battery pack. 3. Make sure the axles are mounted straight so that the car runs straight, otherwise it will bump into the track rails and get slowed down. 4. The car must have the axles parallel and the solar panel mounted such that everything is balanced and the power wheels (The ones attached to the motor) have good traction.

Read »

Google Glass

Google Glass is a device developed by Google with a prism which has been assembled to the external upper quadrant field of view of a set of spectacle frames. The device includes an Internet connection and a voice recognition system by smooth vibration and sound transmission by bone conductivity. This allows users to establish and maintain multi directional communications and provides access to relevant online information with simple verbal commands while performing other activities. 

By using this Google glass we can create our virtual world in front of our eyes.We can browse internet by sitting one place with help of the eye sight directions and we can scroll the web pages and select particular thing easily with this google glass.The major element in this google glass is sensors.

Read »